Dogs leg clicking when walking. Dog's leg twitches and kicks when we touch her lower spine. It is located in the “knee” joint (called the stifle in dogs) and prevents the tibia from sliding forward. She's 55 pounds (24. If your dog has trouble walking due to pain or Jul 1, 2020 · Air in the Joints. Due to ongoing pain, dogs might experience weakness in Jul 5, 2022 · Help your pet avoid a back leg injury. acetabular labral tear, or injury to May 9, 2024 · Why Dogs Kick Their Back Legs Normally (Harmless Reasons) There are actually a few reasons why dogs kick their rear legs normally. Crepitus – crackling noise of bones rubbing against each other. This is a sign that his nails are extremely overgrown. Stress or Anxiety. 4. This is its bones clicking and loosening up. Our dog made many jumps when other one tried to attack her. I have a two year old maltese named Putter. A fall, collision, or excessive strain on the joint can cause damage to the ligaments, tendons, or bones, leading to unstable joints. Common walking patterns in dogs include the amble, pace, trot, canter and Mar 5, 2024 · An expert in the field states, “Acupuncture and massage therapy can be beneficial for dogs with weak hind legs. Jul 27, 2023 · Your Dog Looks Like He’s Tip-Toeing. Oct 19, 2023 · Depending on the type of operation, dog ACL surgery ranges from around $1,000 to up to $5,000. Dogs with bone diseases often have unexplained limps and serious fractures, even if slightly injured. In most cases, dogs happen to cross their front legs casually. If your dog isn’t putting any weight on their leg, this can signify a fracture or other serious injury. Apr 2, 2021 · Joint noise can be described as popping, snapping, clicking, grinding, grating, crackling, and crunching. Why Do Dogs Walk Between Your Legs? (All You Need To Know) citydogslife. May 16, 2024 · Dog limping with no apparent pain when touched is a relatively common problem among pet owners. between why walk dog. Free ebooks. Unwilling or resistant to exercise. Whatever the reason, it’s important to stop your dog from biting the leash as it can damage the leash or even lead Jul 18, 2014 · In Conclusion. Customer: Our dog had TPLO surgery 2 Weeks ago. Tight hip flexor muscles can contribute to muscle imbalances and clicking in the lower back. This might seem strange, but a dog who feels trapped in a stressful situation often doesn’t have many options to gain relief. 2. Crepitus is fairly common; many people experience these knee clicks at some point in their lives. Oct 21, 2021 · Some dogs will yelp when this occurs, but others will show no signs of discomfort. Drags back feet when walking. Bumps On My Dogs Back Leg : AskVet. Apr 16, 2024 · Those odd sounds you seem to be hearing in your knees, known as crepitus, can occur during everyday activities — walking, stretching, bending, extending, or straightening your knee. Keeping your back straight, gently push your hips forward until you feel a stretch in the front of your right hip. Wasting of the rear leg muscles in chronic cases. One of the main reasons your dog may walk between your legs is anxiety. Here’s how it breaks down: Extracapsular Lateral Suture Stabilization (ELSS) $1,100 – $2,500. Reluctance to jump up or stand on hind limbs. These treatments can help reduce inflammation, increase blood flow, and relieve muscle tension, leading to improved mobility and comfort for the dog. The synovial fluid inside your dog’s joints contains gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Factors such as trauma or an injury caused by repetitive strain can cause acute pain. Aug 4, 2015 · When you exercise—preferably using weights, resistance bands, or your own bodyweight—try lower-body focused movements, like squats and lunges, to strengthen your leg muscles and relieve the knee joint. 5% of all dogs show some sign of anxiety. If you live in a cold climate and your dog has thin or short hair, you may want to invest in a sweater or jacket for them to wear outside. Aug 19, 2021 · Others may occur in a matter of minutes or hours. If this is the case, the dog may look like he’s doing a bunny hop with both legs together. If applied to the non-injured hock, the Hock Holder can prevent injury in that leg. If infrequent and not associated with other symptoms typically does not warrant further evaluation. Jumping on furniture less. Torn ligament, muscle, cartilage, or tendon. Dislocated joint. Check for Underlying Health Issues and Visit Vet if Necessary. 1. Although it will not be immediate, some causes of muscle spasms and kicking in the back legs can cause long term damage to your dog if not treated. Does it require surgery? Are there conversative management options? Mar 7, 2024 · Listen for an audible clicking sound when your dog moves. Canine stress syndrome. Dec 3, 2018 · Hello! Since yesterday my cat started making a clicking sound when he walks, which definitely isn't his nails tapping the ground. Restricted mobility or extension. While there are many health issues that can affect the strength and function of dogs’ hind legs, the most common issue I see, by far, is arthritis. We took dog back to wet and she said that there shouldn't be anything to worry about. Most people realize that dogs can have anxiety but think it only impacts a select few dogs. Provide Plenty of Playtime and Toys for Engagement. Listen for this noise when your dog: Gets up after lying down for a while; Walks; Runs Nov 2, 2023 · Clicking: Clicking noises can result from ligament or tendon injuries or from joint instability. You know this is happening because you can clearly hear the noise of his nails scratching against the concrete. 3. Depending on the severity and the root cause of hind leg weakness, you may notice one or more of the following: Difficulty getting up. Theoretically, bone cancer, classified as osteosarcoma and Mar 24, 2024 · 2. Bunny-hopping gait when running. It did make better for a while with May 8, 2023 · Grade 3: The patella is out of the knee groove most of the time and the tibia, one of the lower leg bones, is moderately twisted. This weakness can be worsened by muscular atrophy if your dog avoids May 27, 2024 · Broken bones will impact your dog’s ability to use its legs properly. All you have to do to put the knee back in place is to straighten out the leg, massage gently and move the knee as you are massaging. With lateral luxation, the kneecap slips to the outside of the leg, away from the body. Swelling: Redness of the joints are a visual thing to keep an eye out for. This can cause the dog’s rear leg twitching, making them unsteady or wobbly. Definitely consult with an orthopaedic specialist. She's generally a mutt with the look of a yellow lab. Read on to understand more. – Determining the cause can be done by observing your dog’s behavior, consulting with a veterinarian, and keeping a journal. However, this can change if there’s pain involved. bbc. After 12 weeks, most dogs can return to their usual Jan 16, 2021 · The walk is the only moving pattern featuring three feet on the ground. If your dog is in pain, not weight-bearing Mar 4, 2008 · I am new to writing on this forum, but I have lurked and learned a lot. It's been pretty cold outside though, don't know if the cold maybe affected his joints or something? Everything seemed fine but a couple hours later he refused to go up the stairs and we noticed his back right leg (or hip? Can’t tell) was very stiff when he walked. This morning we are noticing a clicking sound and he’s still in pain and not walking much. Here are some of the most common symptoms to watch for: Back legs giving out and shaking/trembling. Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) $2,400 – $4,500. Reduced range of motion. Aug 31, 2008 · 1 post · Joined 2009. Avoid Feeding Anything Causing Food Allergies. In this situation, try wrapping your dog up in a warm blanket to bring their body temperature up. Loud Clicking in the Knees When Walking. and common treatment approaches for the same. They may be resting with their front legs stretched out and then they just casually happen to cross one leg over the other. Your dog’s paws should always be able to touch the ground when he is walking. I am going to take him to the vet, but I am so worried that I thought I would ask if anyone else had had a maltese with Does your dog skip or have trouble walking? It could have a condition known as Patellar Luxation, which is very serious. Learn how to spot canine CHD symptoms and understand the available treatment options. devonclaire. Here are six possibilities. Apr 29, 2022 · What causes a dog’s joints to click? There are many potential causes of clicking joints in dogs. com. Panicking will not help you or them. This prevents the dog from extending its knee normally though often times the kneecap will slide back into position by itself after a few steps. Snapping: This sound can signify more serious joint problems, like subluxation or dislocation. Dec 20, 2020 · A number of potential problems could be to blame for your dog’s hind legs giving out at random. However, dogs follow this pattern when walking intentionally. Sep 5, 2021 · Dogs can limp due to damage from injuries to their soft tissues, like ligaments, muscles, and tendons. This article discusses why your dog might have a sore hindlimb, how to identify the problem, and what treatment is needed. Your dog may have injured itself jumping out of your car or Mar 26, 2024 · These symptoms may vary depending on the severity of the disease, the level of inflammation, the degree of looseness in the joint, and how long the dog has suffered from hip dysplasia. If your dog has the condition in both legs, he may have difficulty jumping up onto furniture or low surfaces. Again, he is 3 years old, male, black lab, great shape (72 lbs). Oct 12, 2023 · Hip Flexor Stretch. This could happen to any kind of dog on any of their legs and could include muscle sprain, cuts, insect bites, or—on the more serious end—fractures. The affected leg may be held close to the body or extended backwards. Jan 30, 2024 · Osteoarthritis is a common problem in dogs, particularly in seniors and large breeds. In addition to physical therapy and alternative treatments, diet and nutrition Here are some common signs to look for: Limping or favoring the affected leg: A dog with a dislocated leg may limp or refuse to put weight on the affected leg. 8. Messages: 20,186. Allergies. Hypoglycemia. It is easy to do if your dog is calm and not in pain. As your dog ages, they may develop tremors in their back legs. Mar 22, 2023 · The hind leg is the most common site of lameness in dogs. Arthritis is a common condition that can cause joint pain and stiffness in dogs. Exercises that strengthen muscles around the knee (such as side Mar 8, 2023 · Here’s a summary of possible causes: Joints sometimes just pop, like human knuckles and knees. But it might be a warning sign, as it is associated with joint problems. Maybe lab mixed with pitbull and corgi. I find that it helps a lot to talk to the Mar 28, 2024 · One of the most common reasons that dogs kick their legs back is because they’re excited. Joel Mills. Arthritis Apr 10, 2023 · Dog Skipping When Walking: Key Takeaways. Does this mean he will need another surgery? Oct 4, 2015 · A front leg injury in a dog can be a complex diagnostic case. The most common cause of joint clicking in cats, to my knowledge, is a torn meniscus in the knee, which is generally caused by an overextended, damaged, or torn cruciate ligament (ACL). What does this mean? Learn more about the common causes of this "clicking" sound, potential injuries and solutions. #7 ·Jul 18, 2009. Nov 28, 2023 · Dog Walks Again With Artificial Legs | Dogs, Dog Walking, Animal Stories. ”. This can be confusing when we try to find out where the pain is coming from on a dog’s leg that is causing the limping. It's important to have your dog evaluated by a veterinarian to determine the cause and appropriate treatment. It can be difficult to determine the cause of the limping since the dog does not seem to be in pain. The groove where the patella should sit is very shallow. This leads to a dog that’s limping. . Hind leg extended when sitting – this is known as the sit sign. Apr 26, 2024 · Do not attempt to exercise a dog that is limping. Relaxation: Sometimes, a dog’s leg might twitch or shake slightly when they are deeply relaxed or in a certain stage of sleep (REM, where dreaming occurs). Weakness/trouble standing on back legs. They’re Itchy. We now hear a popping noise when he walks. However, around 72. Let’s explore some of them. A clicking sound, without any other signs something is wrong, doesn't necessarily indicate a problem. I moved his legs and paws and he doesn't seem to have any pain. A stressed dog might lick the floor or air as a distraction from negative feelings. Here are six conditions that may be the underlying reasons for a dear old dog’s back legs to collapse. Here are the best ways to manage your dog's osteoarthritis. Typically, the dog feels fine even if there’s a sound. Oct 27, 2022 · It seems hopping on three legs is a common quirk in e. g. Now my cat is a cute little lady (16 yrs old) and when she walks, you can hear her joints "clicking". i noticed about 6 weeks ago that when he rose from laying down that I heard a light cracking noise (slight Muscle and Tendon Problems. pinterest. Thankfully, there are a few products that can help him or her maintain good traction, feel supported when walking, and promote recovery. If it’s caused by air shifting inside the joint as it stretches or recovers, the sound is more pop-like. Arthritis: Osteoarthritis, which causes inflamed and painful joints due to cartilage breakdown, can cause dogs young and old significant pain in their hips and legs. Jul 25, 2023 · The following are typical signs of hip dysplasia and other challenges in dogs: Limping. Pain – when stifle (knee) joint is touched. Spinal tumors. While these noises can be quite disturbing for the dog's person Audible clicking sound coming from hips while walking; Shrinking of hind leg muscles (atrophy) Recognizing symptoms early is important, and your vet can help you with this! It’s actually pretty simple to diagnose hip dysplasia: your vet will perform a physical exam, take some x-rays of your pooch, and possibly perform some manual tests on Jan 11, 2023 · The source of this “click” or “pop” usually comes from the legs and knees. These types of noises typically indicates an injury situation such as a tear of meniscus or ligaments such as a cruciate ligament in the knee Feb 16, 2024 · Common Reasons for Dogs Chewing Legs. Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA) $3,500 – $4,500. One common cause is arthritis, which can cause the cartilage in the joints to deteriorate and the bones to rub together, causing a clicking sound. Other potential causes include ligament or tendon damage, joint dislocation, and bone Spurs. Aug 3, 2022 · Increased licking of the knee/leg (can be a sign your dog is in pain) Decreased range of motion for the knee; A “popping” sound or movement when walking or moving the knee; If you have noticed any of these symptoms in your dog, please schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. Jul 2, 2016 · In a symmetrical gait, the leg movements on one side are repeated on the opposite side. Osteoarthritis , hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, patellar luxation Feb 26, 2018 · Common causes of intra-articular SHS include: articular cartilage injury, or injury to the cartilage that lines the ball or the socket of the hip joint. May 1, 2023 · If your dog's leg is making a clicking sound when they walk, it could be a sign of a joint issue or injury. How to Stop a Dog From Chewing His Legs. This is often termed a “skip” by owners and vets alike. May 8, 2023 · The CCL in dogs is analogous to the ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) in people. It is possible in some dogs for both legs to be affected by patellar luxation. This ligament connects the femur, the bone in the thigh, to the tibia, or shin bone, in the dog’s hind leg. Possible something has just stretched in leg and it will heal. These issues might stem from strains, tears, or even degeneration. “Popping”, “snapping” or “clicking” describes a single noise when a joint moves. Oct 23, 2008 · I know, I know, this is a greyhound forum, but I have read a few posts where people make reference to their dogs joints "clicking" when they walk. Behavioral Issues. The beats, as in music, give an idea of the rhythm of the gait. I did a search and really didnt come up with a condition. Watch for difficulty jumping. Another reason that your dog might kick their legs back is because they’re Jan 26, 2021 · Purraise. Reluctance to be active. May 5, 2023 · It’s good to know how to examine your dog, especially the limbs, whether for lameness or arthritis, or just to get to know the anatomy a bit better. CCL tears are very painful and shouldn’t be ignored. Just recently his legs started making a clicking noise when he walks. Mar 17, 2024 · Shaking dog legs can be observed in various contexts and may signal different things based on whether they are lying down or standing. Some dogs may continue to use the leg but in an abnormal position. “Unlike in people, CCL injuries are usually Nov 11, 2022 · If you see other symptoms of cruciate ligament injury, see the vet immediately, and don’t wait to see swelling in your dog’s knees. May 13, 2023 · There are a number of reasons why dogs bite the leash when walking. Epileptic seizures. After repairing the ruptured CCL, your dog’s joints still need to get used to the walking motion. When a dog’s joints are affected by arthritis, it can be challenging to move around without tripping or losing their balance. Uphill walking, cycling, and walking can also help strengthen the muscles. Some common reasons your dog can’t walk on its back leg suddenly are: Toenail injury. While it’s more common in small dogs, French bulldogs are still at risk because of their unique body shape. Many dogs develop these clicking/popping sounds in the joint during recovery from ligament injury whether or not they have had surgery, and then have the sounds fade away over time. What to do when your dog is limping. Aug 11, 2023 · Age Problem. Oct 7, 2023 · 2. (This is not her "spot. If your dog suffers from hock instability Feb 9, 2024 · Weakness and collapsing back legs may develop gradually in older dogs. This fluid acts as a buffer between the bones of the joints so that they function Have you noticed your dog skipping? Does it seem to happen at random? Have you noticed the knee get randomly locked up, like your dog can’t use the leg? Jul 7, 2023 · Dog hip clicking when walking can also occur as a result of an injury or trauma to the hip joint. Kneel on your right knee, with your left foot flat on the floor in front of you. Jun 22, 2022 · A Casual Posture. If your dog's trick knee is very mild, your vet can show you how to pop the knee back into place during his exam. Orthopedic Issues. Sep 30, 2015 · Alternative causes for rear leg spasms are: Lumbosacral stenosis (the narrowing of the end of the spinal canal) Lumbosacral disc disease. Dog’s Back Leg Shaking While Lying Down. Whimpering: Whining, or sudden yelping when walking are all signs of pain. If you notice your dog kicking their legs back when you come home from work or when they see another dog, it’s likely because they’re happy and excited. Dogs have a natural reflex to kick Nov 3, 2020 · At this time, there is no known way to prevent hip dysplasia in dogs. ") Signalment: Our dog is an 8- or 9-year old lab mix. One of the most common causes of lameness is accidents. May 13, 2024 · Some conditions cause gradual wear and tear on joints and the musculoskeletal system. Slower going up the stairs. If the clicking is persistent or accompanied by pain, it’s essential to consult with a veterinarian. Trauma or Injury. www. The term ‘creaking bones’ can be applied to a dog with hip dysplasia. Why Is Your Dog Dragging His Back Leg? So you're walking your dog when you notice that your dog drags his back feet. It is one of the most easily recognizable signs of hip challenges. Clicking in the knee can be frustrating. However, an injured paw might also cause your four-legged companion to start limping. After this episode we started to hear clicking or popping noise from the leg that had made surgery. May 16, 2024 · Imagine putting an elastic band around your wrist and pulling it and letting go, your ligament will make a similar movement and noise as a result of snapping back into place. In most cases, it’s due to boredom, anxiety, or frustration. Due to ongoing pain, dogs might experience weakness in the front or back legs. However, it can also be a sign that your dog is hungry or simply trying to get rid of the leash. What's going on? You are right to be concerned, as dogs don't Jul 13, 2017 · If your dog is eating, drinking and behaving normally, they are most likely not in any serious danger but should still be checked by your veterinarian. The first thing you should do when you notice your dog limping is to take a deep breath. Why do my dogs back legs shake uncontrollably every now and then (or all the time)? Discussed are some of the most common causes of dog back legs shaking along with other symptoms such as panting, lethargy, etc. Normal hips in a dog. Sometimes, a dog holding up the back leg but not in pain is affected by more severe bone conditions, including hypertrophic osteodystrophy, panosteitis, or bone cancer. Clicking in your dog’s knees is caused by the meniscus, which is cartilage in the knee joint prone to getting torn due to knee-related injuries. Jan 4, 2021 · Signs of Hind Leg Weakness in Dogs. Spinal arthritis. For example, the left hind and the right front legs move forward almost together, with the left hind paw landing a fraction of a second before the right front paw; then the right hind leg goes forward Hello Dr. We have stairs up to the couch and our bed that he uses, so he doesn't jump too often. I was the one that had have a swiss mountain dog with tplo. It appears to be a hereditary condition, and many dogs, especially large and giant breeds, are born with it. If it’s definitely her heel, could still be due to meniscus damage lower down in the leg Oct 12, 2023 · The pain and licking won’t stop until the underlying condition is treated. My Dog Can't Walk On Their Back Legs All Of A Sudden – Causes And Treatment. Embrace this posture as it happens because in most cases it's rather short-lived. Grade 4: The patella is permanently out of the knee groove, and the tibia is severely twisted. '. He also was very slow to stand up and lie down and yelps if you try to touch the area. A 'Popping' or 'Clicking' noise from joints is common. Your Dog’s Nails Curl Over His Paw. Paw or leg injury (including something stuck in the paw pad) Broken or fractured bone. Degenerative myelopathy. These can be small signs, like walking through your legs. Arthritis is caused by ligament loss or damage – and this can create a creaking sound when your dog moves around. In this brief, sudden limp, a dog will hold their hindlimb off the ground for a short period of time before walking normally again. Swelling: Dislocations can cause swelling around the affected joint. Jan 16, 2021 · Now, we have it confirmed :when walking, dogs and all four-legged animals, use the following pattern: left hind leg, left front leg and then right hind leg, right front leg. Signs of pain in the back legs. Symptoms of Patellar Luxation include limping, stiffness Oct 11, 2023 · Anxiety. reddit What to do when your dog is limping. Dogs with hip dysplasia will start limping as the socket joint laxity continues. 9 kg), which our vet says is a healthy weight for her size. The ankle wrap fits the natural angle of the hock to prevent it from hyper extending. Tremors are involuntary muscle movements resulting from aging, stress, or illness. Immediate veterinary attention may be necessary. Apr 23, 2024 · Recovery from the surgery can take approximately 4–6 weeks, with increased activity and movement of the hind leg around weeks 8–12 weeks. Muscles and tendons play a crucial role in a dog’s mobility and overall physical health. He still walks normal and wants to go outside as usual. Apr 19, 2008 · Canine Cruicate (Knee) Injury Symptoms: Decreased range of motion. You may notice your dog walking gingerly or “tip-toeing” with his nails on the ground and his paw elevated. I don’t have reliable sources to support an answer and of course we are looking at another breed, but when you had him checked by a vet without findings, it may be just a mannerism. When problems arise in these areas, it can result in your dog limping on the back leg or lameness. It’s recommended to start joint supplements for high-risk dogs as early as 3 months of age to ensure good joint health and protect the cartilage of the joints. Natural wear Aug 29, 2023 · 3. Loretta: About a month ago i wrote and you replied regarding the clicking noise from my labs rear legs. Injury or trauma to your dog’s hip joint is often accompanied by pain, swelling, and lameness. Jack Russel terriers, even when completely healthy. 1,824. Work these muscles two to three times per week for 30 to 40 Jun 20, 2022 · For the first few days post-surgery your dog may not be bearing much weight on the leg. Any of these things could result in your dog’s legs being in pain and giving out on them. In some cases your dog’s limping may resolve itself in a few minutes, if not it is best to get them booked in for a same-day appointment with your vet. Scratching an Itch. Jul 16, 2023 · Bone Disease. The 5 major causes of this are ligament injuries, meniscus tears, knee osteoarthritis, patellofemoral syndrome, and soft tissue. When on lead, they move without intention which makes them change their walking pattern. Cold. They are not painful but can affect your dog’s quality of life. They may also hold the leg up or avoid using it altogether. Gaits are often referred to as 2-beat gaits, 3-beat gaits, 4-beat gaits. Oct 12, 2001 · In a normal walk pattern, each of the dog’s legs move individually in a four-beat gait, with the diagonal pairs of legs moving nearly together. Pain from manipulation of the hip (extension and bending) Crepitus, a crunching/grating feeling when moving the leg in the hip join. Dogs will throw their legs adorably when you hit that sweet spot, whether it’s when giving belly rubs or a good old scratch. Sep 30, 2015 · Medial luxation, which is the more common form, occurs when the dog’s joint slips towards the opposite leg. The Hock Holder orthopedic brace for dogs can help prevent injuries and sprains and help your dog move more easily and without pain. Mar 2, 2021 · What are the most common leg problems in dachshunds and how to prevent them? We will discuss possible causes, treatment and prevention. – This behavior can be caused by various factors including joint problems, muscle strains, nerve damage, pain, fear or anxiety, excitement, lack of focus, or habit. This condition occurs when the kneecap slips out of place, causing discomfort and difficulty walking. This is a common reason for your dog’s joints clicking when stretching and it is the same as when our knuckles, ankles or knees pop. Arthritis. Re: Clicking sound from back legs. Your dog’s legs may shake due to being cold. Stumbling or tripping. Soft tissue injuries sometimes settle with a period of rest and anti-inflammatory medication. Mar 2, 2014 · Joined: Jun 15, 2013. Symptoms and behaviors associated with muscle and tendon Oct 12, 2023 · Hip Flexor Stretch. Skin Infections. Stiffness in joints and legs. In a nutshell, this is how dogs normally walk. The only difference between different quadruped animals is the timing of stepping. Learn the most common hind leg injuries in dogs & how to treat them on the Lick Sleeve blog. I hear a click in my dog's knee. Stiffness: If your younger or middle-aged dog isn’t acting as limber as it used to or your old dog is stiffer and slower than usual, this could be a telltale sign of arthritis or joint pain. Feb 20, 2023 · Patellar Luxation is another common leg problem that affects French bulldogs. animalwised. Decreased Sudden lameness, on the other hand, is usually caused by some sort of acute injury. Signs and Treatment of dog hip dysplasia. In an asymmetrical gait, instead the leg movements on one side are not repeated on the other side. You might notice a clicking sound when your dog moves. qv tt pp hy fd ed jg mh ln th